![]() Overall, the results suggest selecting suitable methods when performing muscle synergy-related analysis. Classification tasks showed that classification algorithms were sensitive to synergy extraction methods, while KNN and RF outperformed the other two methods for all extraction methods in general, the classification accuracy of NMF and PCA was higher. Although AEs showed better performance than FA in variance accounted for and PCA in synergy vector similarity and activation coefficient similarity, NMF and ICA outperformed the other three methods. The results showed that both SNR and NoC affected the outputs of the muscle synergy analysis. This study also tested the efficacy of each synergy extraction method when coupled with standard classification methods, including K-nearest neighbors (KNN), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machines (SVM), and Random Forest (RF). The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the number of channels (NoC) varied when generating simulated data to evaluate their effects on ground truth reconstruction. To analyze the performance of the considered extraction methods with respect to several factors, we generated a comprehensive set of simulated data (ground truth), including spatial synergies and temporal coefficients. In this study, we evaluated the performance of five methods for the extraction of spatial muscle synergy, namely, principal component analysis (PCA), independent component analysis (ICA), factor analysis (FA), nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF), and AEs using simulated data and a publicly available database. Moreover, other approaches such as autoencoders (AEs), an unsupervised neural network, were recently introduced to study bioinspired control and movement classification. However, some of these methods may not effectively capture the nonlinear relationship between muscles and impose constraints on input signals or extracted synergies. ![]() Several extraction methods have been used to extract muscle synergies. ![]() Due to the complexity of the motor control system, the full repertoire of the underlying synergies has been identified only for some classes of movements and scenarios. Muscle synergies have been largely used in many application fields, including motor control studies, prosthesis control, movement classification, rehabilitation, and clinical studies. 6UOS STIIMA Lecco – Human-Centered, Smart and Safe, Living Environment, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Lecco, Italy.5Medical Faculty, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.4Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.3Information Systems Institute, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais), Sierre, Switzerland.2Engineering Research Center of New Light Sources Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.1School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.Kunkun Zhao 1† Haiying Wen 1,2*† Zhisheng Zhang 1* Manfredo Atzori 3,4 Henning Müller 3,5 Zhongqu Xie 1 Alessandro Scano 6
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